LA COMPLEJIDAD DE LA CIUDAD
INTERMEDIA ANDINA EN EL PERÚ
HACIA UN MODELO AMBIENTAL
Katarzyna Goluchowska T.
Experience in urban planning has shown a great environmental
complexity of the intermediate Andean city. This city is becoming
more vulnerable to the natural and socioeconomic processes that
faces each day. This means that the environment is a risky condition
instead of being the basis for its sustainability.
The environmental complexity of the Andean city is the product,
in one hand, of its localization in valleys surrounded by inhospitable
mountain chains that restrict its accessibility and give way to
different climatic and geodynamic processes, and on the other,
it is the social, technologic and economic center of the valley.
The demographic growth and the economic and social modernization
have intensified the internal urban dynamics of the city, which
are shown in its spatial growth, and the external relations with
the rest of the country and the World (greater passenger, goods
and service flows).
To understand this complexity requires not only the identification
but also the systematization of all processes and natural, socioeconomic,
and cultural factors that form the vital human space and that
with different intensities are present in the Andean city. I consider
that it is possible to reach this condition with an environmental
model, where the Andean city is understood as an interactive,
open, natural, and socioeconomic system. The principal elements
of this system are: the intermediate Andean city, the minor urban
settlements that depend on the city, the natural milleau that
supports the city and the areas of socioeconomic influence local
and regional. The interrelationship between these elements is
given as geodynamic and climatic flows, roads, socioeconomic interchanges,
etc.
Hope this model may be of importance to the interdisciplinary
teamworks that share responsibilities in the urban planning of
the Andean city, as well as the local government, the environmental
education and any others interested in studying this type of cities.
ASPECTOS SOBRE OS RESÍDUOS
SÓLIDOS URBANOS DOMESTICOS DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA
DE SANTIAGO-CHILE
Elias Antônio Vieira
This approach focuses on the most general features observed in
the landscapes, spaces and territories related with the subject
of the urban solid domestic residues-RSUD'S generated in Santiago's
Metropolis, Chile. That category of residues is constituted of
remains of produced victuals or consumed in the residence, products,
scraps or goods in disuse that do not interest any more to the
residents.
The presuppositions that orientate the investigated problem are
the relationship between the generation of RSUD'S and the nucleus
position and place of convergence of the busy population of Santiago-RMS'S
Metropolitan Area, as well as the influence that the production
model and effective consumption exercises in the people's behavior
to discard those residues.
The information gathered for the elaboration of this study resulted
from technical visits accomplished to the department of cleanliness
of Santiago's Municipality, the service concessionary of a cleaning,
association for gathering recycled materials, retail commercial
establishments and others.
We verified that the historical, administrative and tourist metropolitan
center and the geographical objects, constituted of public buildings,
sidewalk, furniture, churches, monuments, and, overcoat of commercial,
financial and services establishments, etc., exercise a power
of unanswerable attraction on the population. The distribution
of those objects in this reduced place extraordinarily increases
the population demands on the production of goods and services,
the generation of residues and it requests frequent fittings of
the public policies to the realities continually created again.
On the other hand, the social and spatial impacts caused by the
production and discard of RSUD'S are, in almost anywhere, among
the largest environmental problems of the current century. Most
of the gigantic amount of discarded residues for the more than
six billion inhabitants of the planet, is usually thrown in dump,
to open sky, implicating aesthetic problems and public health.
The terrifying system, in spite of presenting economical advantages,
is still little used. The incineration is expensive. The operational
and educational procedures are limited to reuse and recycling,
recommended by the CALENDAR 21 and for the industries of recycled
products; although they minimize environmental problems, they
are little disseminated.
The components of RSUD'S of RMS indicate the existence of a great
potential to recycle the inorganic materials and to obtain agricultural
fertilizer of the organic remains. Though, in RMS, part of those
residues is left on open sky deposits the view is terrifying.
The execution of actions and methodologies with views to reduce
the generation of RSUD'S, has not been a priority as they are
impeded to adopt with the necessary width and depth due to an
impediment motivated by the technique of final destiny negotiated
to last until year 2012. The modality means the use of the system
created with the construction and operation of the Station of
Transfer-ET, in Quilicura and of the Sanitary Embankment-Red Loma
Los Colorados, in Tiltil, whose services are collected by the
criterion of decreasing prices: larger amounts, smaller prices.
Those facilities are not drawn for separate to recycle or to obtain
agricultural fertilizer.
Before the facts mentioned, it seems clear that the public policies
and procedures assumed by the RMS rulers, including the Capital,
conflict with the methods and handling techniques of RSUD'S, and
also with the coexistence person/nature and person/person habits
that signal not only for the sustainable use of the natural resources,
but, above all, for the construction of social relationships under
new ethical foundations.
ESTUDIO DE INTERACCIÓN
ESPACIAL A TRAVÉS DE FLUJOS DE BUSES INTERURBANOS ENTRE
LOCALIDADES DE LA IX REGIÓN DE LA ARAUCANÍA Y X
REGIÓN DE LOS LAGOS, CHILE
Carmen Varela A.
Spatial interaction processes in human settlement
systems have taken on relevant dynamics these days, making them
important for territorial organization studies. Spatial elements
such as the geographical distance between population centers and
access to its localization have been minimized due to the availability
and technological variety of means of communication and transportation
that have reached new connotations.
The incidence of these means on the spatial behavior of human
settlements can be seen in the quantitative and qualitative intensification
of interacting relationships that lead to the growing, and oftentimes
spontaneous, transformation of the structure of existing urban
networks and systems.
The purpose of this study is to identify the interactions that
are evident between the primary city of Temuco, regional capital
of the IX region of La Araucanía and the urban centers
in the province of Valdivia (urban subsystem of the X region of
Los Lagos). It does so by studying the flow of inter-urban buses
that travel between the towns in the study area, bearing in mind
the motivation of the passengers making the trips. The study for
example, refers to the interaction between Panguipulli, a small
center located in the province of Valdivia and the primary cities
of Temuco and Valdivia.
The results obtained are meaningful for new approaches regarding
territorial organization policies.
ANÁLISIS DE VARIABLES
DEMOGRÁFICAS EN LA PROVINCIA DEL CHACO (REPÚBLICA
ARGENTINA) EN EL TRIENIO 1996, 1997 Y 1998
Ana María Foschiatti
Mirta Liliana Ramírez
This contribution describes the behaviour of the main demographic
variables in de Province of Chaco, in the north of Argentina,
in the years 1996, 1997 and 1998. Its principal aim to distinguish,
at the end of XX Century, the areas of most natural growth, information
which is relevant to any type of regional plan related to health,
education, and housing, among others. Another interesting aspect
is the inclusion of the specific death rates: infantil, neonatal,
post-neonatal, fetal and maternal related to the health programmatic
fields in which the territory is divided.
EL PATRIMONIO URBANO-ARQUITECTÓNICO
COMO FACTOR DE DESARROLLO PARA LA CIUDAD DE SAN MIGUEL DE TUCUMÁN,
ARGENTINA
Jacqueline Salim Grau
In our days, the clear conscience of the past is considered as
one of the main things which should be at the same level of town's
development. The fact of recording, preserving and taking advantage
of urban patrimony implies allowing modern society to recover
its historical, social and cultural values, in order to improve
its quality of life and to contribute to assure the future of
existent natural and cultural resources.
From this point of view, San Miguel of Tucumán's cultural
patrimony becomes a potencial source of goods and wealth, both
ways: social and economic, for the first one producing cultural,
architectural and environmental values to achieve and to fasten
the knowledge of our identity. As for the second one, producing
employment through tourism or other productive activities in a
growing capacity of development.
Considering what we have said before, we dare to offer as a possible
alternative to the progress of San Miguel de Tucumán and
its surrounding area, the sustainable use of its architectural
and urban richness. That is to maintain its stetic qualities and
cultural forms, respecting them, analysing the architectural and
landscape features, and securing a continuons usage of its built
space.
O POTENCIAL ECO-RURAL DA ZONA
OESTE DO MUNICÍPIO DO RIO DE JANEIRO-BRASIL
Vivian Castilho da Costa
In the last years, the ecotourism activity has shown to be so
much ecologically viable, as economically lucrative; thus it could
contribute to the resolution of a series of problems, particularly
in the areas legally protected, such as the maintenance and fiscalization
of their ecosystems.
The present work seeks to show effective transport alternatives
of ecotouristic activities in Conservation Units, particularly
those located in densely busy urban areas, taking as example the
State Park of Pedra Branca, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro.
GANADERÍA VACUNA EN
EL ESPACIO CHACO-FORMOSEÑO ARGENTINO. UNA SÍNTESIS
GEOGRÁFICA DE SU DESARROLLO EN EL SIGLO XX
Cristina O. Valenzuela de Mari
The geographic scenary formed by the Argentinian Provinces of
Chaco and Formosa has given way from the beginning of the XX Century
to an appropriate space to commercial cattle raising.
The livestock activity of the region has had to play with the
natural advantages and restraints for its development which were
in many cases associated to the economic conditions of the country.
Historically, certain areas of the region have concentrated the
biggest rodeos. The persistence of some restraints for the good
livestock practice in the area shows the hard way to transform
those places as "cattle-raising vocation." The evolution
stages of this activity are the sample of firm, especialization
and integration of the national livestock and agricultural development.
In the Chaco-formoseno space, the landplot structure was the
basis that conditioned the economic destiny in such a way that
certain plot's sizes made uneconomic the land uses. The Chaco-formoseno's
ranchs that were together the protagonist of the evolution of
the livestock activity, accompanied the regional economic cycles,
adapting themselves to the changing conditions of production and
marketing that characterized the XX Century.
AGROCLIMATOLOGÍA
DEL MAÍZ DE MÉXICO
Juan Carlos Gómez Rojas
Mario Esquivel Mota
This paper groups 36 varietes of maize of Mexico
on 8 basic agroclimatical units. It departs from the delimitation
of their climatic demands, heat, luminosity and water, and the
risk events that may damage the crop (drought, fire, intense rain
falls, or floods, hailstorms and freezes). To write this paper
we used the maps of the Atlas Agroclimático de la República
Mexicana.
ANÁLISIS DE ALGUNAS
VARIABLES QUE INCIDEN SOBRE LA DISPONIBILIDAD DE AGUA ÚTIL
PARA LOS CULTIVOS EN UN SECTOR DEL PARTIDO DE TANDIL,
PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA
Silvia Falasca
Ana Ulberich
María A. Bernabé
The study area is located inside Tandil district Buenos Aires
province, limited by paralels 37º 10' and 37º 30' LS
and extended meridionally from 59º 15' to 59º 30' LW.
Soils aptitude is agricultural-livestock and all the agriculture
is developed under conditions of dry barren land.
The object of this paper was to analyze present soils with the
purpose of improving available water management for crops, analyzing
variables that impact in her, with scale 1:50,000. These variables
are: presence of rocks and tuff, depth and B2t thickness, physic
impediments to radical exploration and drainage classes. They
were correlated with soils current use aptitude. It was worked
with analytic data of soil series. All results were presented
in tematic maps by cartographyc units.
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