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R E S Ú M E N E S
SECCIÓN I
ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES
MARITIME ADAPTATIONS ON THE
NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA
Andrew R. C. Martindale
This overview describes and considers the various models of the
origins and development of maritime adaptations on the NW Coast
of North America. The central thesis is that, despite the posturing
of rival explanations, these models are more complementary than
contradictory. A corollary of this thesis is that the NW Coast area
does not represent a single cultural trajectory, but that multiple
lines of influence can be identified. It is suggested that the rich
ethnographic database which exists for NW Coast cultures has created
a teleology in which post-contact societies are the goal of archaeological
reconstructions. Though the entire developmental trajectory displays
some continuity, there are significant patterns which are not explicable
through a unifying evolutionary explanation of the development of
social complexity. Social complexity is defined in separate concepts
of economic intensification and social inequality, and it is argued
that the NW Coast sequence demonstrates that these elements originate
and operate independently.
GLIMPSES OF ATLANTIC CANADA'S
PAST
David L. Keenlyside
Atlantic Canada has been home to native populations for at least
11,000 years. This paper traces some of the more significant human
events and changing technologies as seen through the archaeological
and geological record. Atlantic Canada was never a densely populated
region, however it did support significant populations who were
well adapted to the seasonal shifts in availability of resources
from land, its rivers and the sea. From the earliest Palaeo-Indian
period, Atlantic Canada was not a region which developed in cultural
isolation. Although there is regional specificity to varying degrees,
whether it be stone, ceramic or bone industries, technological traditions
of ten exhibit relationships to broader cultural traditions of Eastern
North America.
SEAL USE AND STORAGE IN THE
THULE CULTURE OF
ARCTIC NORTH AMERICA
Robert W. Park
Current interpretations of Thule culture seal use at winter sites
in Arctic Canada and Greenland tend to assume that seal carcasses
were introduced intact to the sites during the winter. However,
season of death information from several sites indicates that many
of the seals were killed from spring through autumm. Further, ethnographic
accounts from historic times reveal that dried seal meat produced
during the warm season was an important resource throughout the
year. Therefore, it seems probable that dried seal meat and not
freshly-caught or frozen seals may have formed an important part
of the diet at Thule winter sites.
THE PREHISTORY OF INUIT AND
YUPIK WHALE USE
Peter Whitridge
Bowheads (Balaena mysticetus) and other large baleen whales have
been part of Inuit and Yupik maritime harvesting economies for over
1000 years. The potential for past utilization of naturally stranded
whales has led to much disagreement over the antiquity of whale
hunting and its relative economic contribution at various times
and places. Archaeological indications of whale use are reevaluated
here, focussing on the whaling tradition that arose in the Bering-Chukchi
Sea region and eventually spread into the Eastern Arctic. The evidence
suggests a 3000 or more year continuum of whale use that likely
always involved sporadic hunting. The expansion of whaling activity
during the first millennium A. D. was a form of economic intensification
that was driven by socioeconomic demand, rather than purely ecological
or technological factors, in the context of population growth and
an increasing long distance trade in prestige goods that promoted
the integration of regions with disparate economic foci.
DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME ADAPTATIONS
DURING THE MIDDLE HOLOCENE
OF THE CALIFORNIA COAST
Michael A. Glassow
During the middle Holocene (4500-2000 B.C.) prehistoric populations
living along the California coast and the offshore islands became
more dependent on maritime food resources and began using new technology
that fostered more intensive use of both marine and terrestrial
resources. Settlement systems became more complex, and economic
exchange in some localities entailed the transport of artifacts
over distances of several hundred kilometers. Despite these developments,
many aspects of subsistence and settlement, and probably social
organization, remained largely unchanged from early Holocene times.
Explanations of middle Holocene cultural change, still relatively
simplistic, have focused on the role of migration from distant areas,
population growth, and environmental change.
EL MODO DE VIDA MARÍTIMA
EN EL OCCIDENTE DE MÉXICO
María Teresa Cabrero G.
Desde la perspectiva arqueológica, la problemática
social y cultural que encierra la región del Occidente de
México (Colima, Jalisco y Nayarit) es poco conocida aún
en la actualidad. En las tres últimas décadas se han
realizado pocos estudios de sitio y ninguno de región. Los
pueblos costeros del pasado que vivieron en esta zona, han desaparecido
gracias al avance de los complejos turísticos y sólo
se conservan los estudios de salvamento, investigaciones rápidas
e incompletas en muy pocos lugares. Con base en lo anterior, trataremos
de esbozar el escaso conocimiento integrándolo a la dinámica
cultural de Mesoamérica, con el propósito de ofrecer
un panorama general sobre el modo de vida de los pueblos costeros
asentados a lo largo del litoral del Océano Pacífico.
SECCIÓN II
OTRAS CONTRIBUCIONES
PRESENCIA Y USO DE LA TORTUGA
EN UN SITIO ARQUEOLÓGICO DEL VALLE DEL TEMPISQUE, GUANACASTE,
COSTA RICA
Sergio Chávez
Rafael Acuña-Mesén
Las sociedades antiguas del istmo centroamericano legaron evidencia
arqueológica relacionada con el uso de fauna queloniológica
regional, especialmente con fines alimentarios, y consecuentemente
ideológicos.
El contexto arqueológico del sitio Palo Blanco (Valle del
Tempisque, Guanacaste, Costa Rica), proveyó la evidencia
de 317 placas óseas, correspondientes a tres especies de
tortugas: la tortuga candado (Kinosternon scorpioides), la tortuga
amarilla (Kinosternon leucostomum) y la tortuga roja (Rhinoclemmys
pulcherrima). De la muestra, el 13.56% estaba quemada, lo que induce
a pensar que para comer su carne, posiblemente exponían las
tortugas a las brasas, hasta lograr su cocimiento. No se nota una
preferencia por edades, excepto el no uso de neonatos.
La investigación permitió identificar las evidencias
hasta el nivel de especie, sobresaliendo el que una de las especies
que aparece en el récord arqueológico, no se encuentra
actualmente en la zona, lo que sugiere un corrimiento del límite
natural de la especie, o la práctica cultural de las poblaciones
antiguas, de desplazarse hacia otras regiones en su búsqueda.
SOBRE EL OBJETO DE STUDIO DE
LA ANTROPOLOGÍA
Juan Luis Alegret Tejero
Se hace un breve recorrido por algunos de los posicionamientos
que en las últimas tres décadas, se están produciendo
en torno al debate sobre la delimitación del objeto de estudio
de la antropología en un contexto de cambio global que está
afectando a todo tipo de sociedades.
El autor considera inapropiado cualquier planteamiento que trate
de definir el objeto de estudio de la antropología, tomando
en cuenta la práctica que de esa disciplina se ha hecho y
se hace. De ahí que para él, el problema ético,
moral y político de la práctica antropológica
está indisolublemente ligado al problema intelectual de la
construcción del objeto y el método de la antropología.
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