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R E S Ú M E N E S
NOTA EDITORIAL
Estamos publicando un número más amplio para sincronizar
la fecha de publicación con la fecha de producción.
Incluimos artículos de sur, centro y mesoamérica.
SECCIÓN I
ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES
A TRADIÇÃO TAQUARA E AS CASAS
SUBTERRÂNEAS NO SUL DO BRASIL
Pedro Augusto Mentz Ribeiro
A Tradicão ceramista Taquara, um grupo caçador, colector,
pescador e horticultor, ocupou o planalto sul-brasileiro, o litoral
Atlântico contíguo e a província argentina de
Misiones. Com uma variedade de manifestações arqueológicas,
tais como os sítios de campo aberto, os abrigos e cavernas,
as galerias subterrâneas, os aterros, as estructuras circulares
e complexas, um destaque para as casas subterrâneas. Construídas
nas partes mais elevadas do planalto, de invernos rigorosos, a partir
do século V d.C. e mantendo-se até o final do XVII,
representam um domínio sobre o meio ambiente. Os portadores
da cultura material definida como Taquara, assim poderiam, em melhores
condições, explorar un importante alimento, a semente
da Araucaria angustifolia. As formas destas habitações
são circulares ou elípticas, encontram-se isoladas
ou agrupadas em até 68, dimensões médias entre
5 e 8 m de diâmetro e 2 m de altura. Algumas menores poderia
ser semi-subterrâneas.
ARQUEOLOGIA DO
PLANALTO SUL-BRASILEIRO
Pedro Ignácio Schmitz
As populações ceramistas da tradição
Taquara/ Itararé, presentes no sul do Brasil a partir do
segundo século da nossa era, apresentam formas de assentamento
distintas de acordo com os ambientes em que se estabeleceram: um
é o assentamento das terras altas e frias com abundantes
produtos naturais, outro o da borda do altiplano, de clima ameno
e solos férteis, um terceiro no litoral atlântico,
rico em peixes, moluscos e crustáceos. As três formas
são parte de um mesmo sistema de assentamento, iniciado nas
terras altas e posteriormente expandindo até a borda e o
litoral. Dentro do território em que estas formas aparecem
se notam claras variações, atribuíveis à
divisão social e à distinta apropriação
do meio ambiente. A parte central do território não
apresenta inclusões de outras povoações, enquanto
que na periferia é possível observar acordos e compromissos
com a população horticultora mais desenvolvida, assim
como com caçadores, recoletores e pescadores.
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
ON THE HUMAN USE OF COLD MONTANE EVIRONMENTS IN ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA
Mark Aldenderfer
In South America, cold climates are not restricted to the extreme
southern tip of the continent, and in fact are a dominant aspect
of the ecology of the higher elevations of the Andes. High mountain
and plateau environments are characterized by extremeness and low
primary productivity, which create significant adaptive challenges
for humans living within them. This paper explores the ways in which
the early inhabitants of South America began to make use of these
cold climates, and how their adaptations changed through time.
Cold climates are a dominat feature of the South American landscape,
especially in the high mountains and plateaus of the Andes mountains.
Although climate in these mountains is ameliorated to some extent
by the influence of tropical weather patterns from roughly 4°N
latitude to 25°S latitude, and is therefore not as extreme as
that seen in Tierra del Fuego, for example, the high mountains and
plateaus are in fact cold for much of the vear, and this cold, in
combination with extremes of altitude, has profoundly affected the
ways in which humans have come to use them over the past 100,000
years. Despite the challenges of these environments, though, cold
climates in the Andes have seen the origins of impressive complex
societes, including the Tiwanaku state, located on the high plateau,
or puna, near Lake Titicaca, and the Inca empire, which saw its
beginnings in the high mountains surrounding the Cuzco Valley in
southern Peru.
In this paper, I will explore a number of topics as they relate
to our understanding of how humans have adapted to cold climates
in Andean South America. Following a discussion of the ecological
features of high mountains and plateaus, I will examine the human
biology of high elevation life. These set the stage for an analysis
of the adaptive strategies of prehistoric Andean foragers, pastorialists,
and farmers.
MONTAÑAS SAGRADAS
Ismael Arturo Montero García
Por arriba de los 4,000 m/nm prevalece la alta montaña.
En este ensayo se describen los sitios arqueológicos ubicados
en las once cumbres más importantes de México. Los
sitios arqueológicos de alta montaña fueron dedicados
al culto acuático, las primeras evidencias parten del preclásico
y se prolongan hasta el posclásico temprano con los toltecas
que construyeron adoratorios en las altas cumbre, algunos de los
cuales mantuvieron una función astronómica y fueron
exaltados por los aztecas hasta el epílogo de las antiguas
culturas indígenas.
SECCIÓN II
OTRAS CONTRIBUCIONES
LA EMERGENCIA DE COMPLEJIDAD
ENTRE LOS CAZADORES RECOLECTORES DE LA COSTA ATLÁNTICA MERIDIONAL
SUDAMERICANA
Tania Andrade Lima
José López Mazz
El presente artículo discute la visión tradicional
del litoral atlántico meridional sudamericano como un área
ecológica y culturalmente marginal y, a partir de nuevos
marcos teóricos, propone su estudio como zona de emergencia
de complejidad socio-cultural. Son analizadas algunas evidencias
sugestivas de complejidad emergente en sambaquis del litoral sur
brasilero y en los cerritos de la faja costera y región lagunar
uruguaya, con indicios de existencia de redes de contacto y difusión
ideológica de largo alcance, entre las poblaciones cazadoras/colectoras
de ambas áreas.
MARITIME CULTURES OF THE GULF
OF ALASKA
Aron L. Crowell
Coastal archaeological sequences in the Gulf of Alaska region,
from the eastern Aleutian Islands (Alaska) to the Queen Charlotte
Islands (British Columbia), show common descent from founding Paleoarctic
populations in the early Holocene, a high level of continued interaction
through time, and shared trajectories of maritime adaptation. The
region subsumes coastal portions of the classically-defined Eskimo-Aleut,
Athapaskan, and Northwest Coast Indian culture areas. The first
shell middens were deposited between 6,000 and 8,000 years ago,
but did not become widespread until after 4500 B. P., coinciding
with stabilization of eustatic sea level. Following early phases
of mobile coastal foraging, a logistical pattern centered on permanent
winter villages of semisubteranean or plank houses was in place
by about 3500 B. P. Late prehistoric developments included significant
population growth, increased village and household size, emergence
of social ranking, widespread warfare, and complex artistic, mortuary,
and ceremonial traditions. Ethnohistoric data and recent coastal
surveys across the Gulf of Alaska, however, indicate that population
densities and sociopolitical complexity were unevenly distributed.
Correlations betwen resource productivity, coresidential group size,
settlement size, and population density are suggested by the late
prehistoric record.
THE PALACES OF THE LORDS OF
YCHSMA: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL REAPPRAISAL OF THE FUNCTION PYRAMIDS WITH
RAMPS AT PACHACAMAC, CENTRAL COAST OF PERU
Peter Eeckhout
Pyramids with Ramps are large adobe-made buildings which occupy
an important part of the site of Pachacamac. The role and the function
of the site during the late pre-Hispanic period are linked to these
buildings. The explanatory model which receives general agreement
strongly relies on the ethnohistoric data. After having presented
this model and its implications, I focus on the defining characteristics
of the Pyramid with Ramps. On the basis of excavations of Pyramid
III and analysis of the available data from Pyramids I and II, I
propose that Pyramids are not religious embassies but rather successive
palaces of local lords. That hypothesis is strengthened by ethnohistorical
data and allows me to explain in a simple and clear manner the function
and development of Pachacamac before the Inca conquest.
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